How to Use a Periodic Table of Elements

A Perfect Utopia Of Democracy - 1185 Words

From the outside in, the United States seems like a perfect utopia of democracy. With labels such as the land of the free, and descriptions of how our government is built by the people, for the people, we have come to believe heavily in these ideals. In reality, this is far from true. As technology continues to advance, it seems as if the government has been slowly gaining more power, without the public noticing major concerns in terms of law and policy making. The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world, with 36 states having more prisoners than the next leading country, Cuba (Vice). One of the reasons why we have such a high incarceration rate can be blamed on the policy of stop and frisk. Although stop and frisk policies are implemented in order to better protect our society from drugs and weapons, the way it has been used by law enforcement violates the fourth amendment because of its loose regulations in terms of the use, as well as having a correlati on to racial profiling, particularly in New York. As stated in the constitution, the fourth amendment guarantees, â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (Findlaw). It wasn’t until 1968 in the court caseShow MoreRelated Analysis of Mores The Prince and Utopia Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pagessuccessful lawyer. After becoming an MP for the Under-Sheriff of London he started writing the book Utopia and finishing it 1516. After writing the book he was appointed as the privy councilor to King Henry VIII in 1518. He was latter executed in 1535 for refusing King Henry VIII to be the head of the church. Utopia is a fictional book about Mores talk with Raphael Nonsenso and his tr avels to Utopia. Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy in 1469 to a middleclass family.Read MoreUtopia, by Thomas More: Your Wost Nightmare Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesUtopia is a brilliant novel written by Thomas More. The idea of a utopia seems impossible, how can anyone live in a perfect place when perfection is in the eyes of the beholder? The Utopia in this novel is nothing more than abundant of already established ideas therefore it can’t not truly be a Utopia. The abolition of private property is one of Mores chief criticisms of Utopia; it seems to mimic the common understandings of communism, which Thomas More’s character Raphael has been accused of protectingRead MoreUtopia Study Guide864 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿English 4, Unit 2: Utopia and Dystopia Sir Thomas More’s Utopia Study Guide Directions: As you read, complete each question below. Type your answers in the appropriate spaces provided. 1. In Book I, who is the narrator? What point of view is this? Thomas More, first person view 2. More and Giles strike up a conversation with someone. Who is this? What does he do? Why are they interested in him? Giles introduces More to Raphael Hythloday. More thought that Hythloday was aRead More Utopian Dreams Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout the ages, man has come to idealize a word that is most commonly related to ‘heavenly’ or ‘perfect’ without actually picking up the book and realizing for themselves that there is no such thing. A Utopian society could never exist because man is made to want, to desire success. Man is competitive by nature and would never be happy in a society where everyone is equal and there is no chance of advancement. Sir Thomas More dreamt of a land that was much like England but could neverRead More Utopia - The Impossibility of Perfection Essay example1686 Words   |  7 PagesUtopia - The Impossibility of Perfection The latter end of [this] commonwealth forgets the beginning. ?William Shakespeare, The Tempest From Platos The Republic to Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto, the search for a perfect social state has never stopped; its ultimate goal of achieving a human society that exists in absolute harmony with all due social justice, however, has proved to be woefully elusive. The pure concept of a utopia can be theoretically visualized as a perfect geometricRead MoreThe Impossible Utopia Essay828 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Jungwon Kim Mrs. Griffith English 10 GT 1 April, 2014 The Impossible Utopia â€Å"History consists of a series of swindles, in which he masses are first lured into revolt by the promise of utopia, and then, when they have done their job, enslaved over again by new masters† (Brander). Animal Farm, a farm with animals that are treated cruelly and dream for a better life in which animals are all equal and independent of depraved humans, is an allegory of the development of communism, even totalitarianismRead MoreA Utopia By George Orwell1477 Words   |  6 PagesMany characteristics of the society that americans live in now demonstrate a utopia, therefore, they also demonstrate a dystopia. A utopia is a perfect world in which there are no problems like war, disease, poverty, oppression, discrimination, inequality, and more universal problems existing. A dystopia is a world in which nothing is perfect. Problems are extreme things are dysfunctional and problematic. A utopia does not turn into a dystopia until the people living in that society do not live authenticRead MoreUtopia And The Tempest By William Shakespeare1368 Words   |  6 PagesUtopia and The Tempest In Shakespeare is last play, the Tempest, originality is shown in the different settings and themes within the story. Within the Tempest, there is a world of imagination and illusion that challenges readers to look beyond reality and the world of non-existence, not existence. Through the play a utopia what can be found. It is something that many characters when they are on the island throughout. Within the tempest and Utopia, many differences and similarities between the socialRead More Comparing the Societies in Machiavellis The Prince and Mores Utopia950 Words   |  4 PagesA Comparison of Societies in Machiavellis The Prince and Mores Utopia A perfect society has always been the goal for many; unfortunately it has only existed in books. The Prince by Niccolà ³ Machiavelli, written in 1513, provides necessary information to become a Prince who will obtain, keep, and please his empire. Thomas Mores Utopia, written in 1516, creates an ideal civilization that will live happily, comfortably, and without any problems. Both books attempted to solve problems withinRead MoreComparing The Political Theories Of Two Philosophers1444 Words   |  6 Pagesalso explain why Plato was not present because he was ill (Grube 221). In all his works, Plato focused on the idea of creating a perfect society, and he goes on to detail what exactly would be necessary for a utopian society. By devising a system in which the evils he believed were present would be lessened. His writing suggest that through his goal of achieving a perfect civilization he wanted to cure the weaknesses of not only human society, but also the human personality. Plato believed that hedonism

Biology of Cancer Study Guide - 1184 Words

Cancer Biology Section 1 Study questions What is lifetime risk of getting cancer for men and women in US? Male-1:2 Female-1:3 Which cancer are men mostly likely to get in the US? Women? Male-Prostate Female-Breast Which cancers are the most deadly and least deadly (US)? Most deadly- Lung Least deadly- non-melanoma skin cancer Name the cell-types that define carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemia’s. Which type is most common? Carcinomas- glands, organs and tissues, arise from epithelial cell lining external and internal body surfaces; most common cancer Sarcomas- connective tissues (fat, bone, muscle) Lymphomas- lymph nodes Leukemias- bloodstream. Describe and identify normal tissues, tissues undergoing†¦show more content†¦those who inherit hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) have higher likelihood of developing cancer Other types of DNA Damage Some chemicals can induce the loss of bases Some chemicals can induce the modification of bases: Note: Conversion of C to U will result in a C:G to A:T mutation after replication UV radiation induced pyrimidine (Mostly T) dimer formation. Explain the difference between the two classes of carcinogens: promoters and mutagens, and how they sometimes work together to increase the risk of cancer development. What is a complete carcinogen? How is the Ames test used? Carcinogens: SubstancesShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Thalidomide1475 Words   |  6 PagesPR, 3 (15 %) SD and 12 (60 %) PD was noted. Although there were some responses observed, the authors suggested that despite some responses observed with this therapy, rosiglitazone did not result in clinically significant response [36]. In another study including more patients, increases in radioiodine uptake after[6 weeks of pretreatment with up to 8 mg of rosiglitazone were observed in 26 % of the patients. However, post-therapy decreases in TG levels were only noted in 17 % of cases [37]. But itRead MoreEssay On Engineering E. Coli Cells1019 Words   |  5 PagesObjective: This study aims to use synthetic biology methods to engineer E. coli cells to target, invade, and deliver therapeutic agents to breast cancer tumor growths. Non-pathogentic E. coli strains will be engineered to express an artificial plasmid which allows for eukaryotic cell invasion. Bacterial cells will be further programmed with an AND logic gate allowing for specificity for breast cancer cell invasion. Finally, E. coli cells will express a dual plasmid system to control population growthRead MoreThe Assessment Of Nuclear Atypia, Mitotic Count And Lymphocyte Infiltration777 Words   |  4 Pagespathologists. This significant inter- and intra-observer discordance can have a negative impact on clinical care, as these factors can be used to guide clinical decisions today (e.g., use of chemotherapy in high-grade breast cancer) and may have an even larger impact on clinical decisio ns in the future (e.g., assessment of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes to guide the use of immunotherapies). Thus, the accurate pathological diagnosis represents a critical decision-point in clinical medicine, and there wouldRead MoreThe Four Main Determinants Of Health1702 Words   |  7 Pagesperson, so it is very important for healthcare workers, especially nurses, to know the causes, affects, responses, and symptoms that occur in unhealthy and healthy lifestyles. This paper will outline and discuss the four main determinants of health; biology and genetics, individual behavior, physical environment, and social circumstances, and how healthcare providers such as nurses can use this knowledge to promote health. By having a better understanding of healthy lifestyles, and the factors that contributeRead MoreGenetic Research : Genetic Researcher1253 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction: My topic for the paper is study on Genetic Researchers. A genetic researcher or a genetic scientist analyzes hereditary characteristics to develop new pharmaceutical and agricultural products. They also work in clinical settings, as counselors for genetic diseases or physicians administering genetic treatments. A genetic researcher also alters genes in order to improve the biological capabilities of humans, plants and animals. In this field, the main goal is to help people lead qualityRead MoreCONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS This thesis includes studies focusing on four of the ten600 Words   |  3 PagesCONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS This thesis includes studies focusing on four of the ten recently discovered human polyomaviruses: MCPyV, KIPyV, WUPyV, and TSPyV, with respect to determination of their molecular and serological epidemiology, transmition route, and latency site and in finding any association between these novel viruses and diseases. Despite understanding many clinical and biological aspects, future studies may aim at addressing additional issues. Clearly, the development of cellRead MoreEssay about Breast Cancer836 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer is one of the most widespread cancers among women worldwide. In the US, it is the most common, and the leading cause of cancer related deaths among women between 45 – 64 years of age (Clegg et al., 2002; Ward et al., 2008). Early detection and improved treatment procedures have resulted in gradual decline in the number of deaths caused by the disease since 1990. Nevertheless, in 2009, the estimated death toll for the disease was 40,170 (American Cancer Society, 2009). The gravityRead MoreThe Importance Of Techniques In Research1596 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestigations and the data is questionable, the conclusions drawn will be invalid(L Gordis, 1979). Therefore, epidemiologists pay attention to their measures and they do this by whenever possible choosing measures that have been used effectively in previous studies to measure both suspected risk factors and disease out comes. In some cases, the validity and reliability of the instruments are known thereby allowing to some extent, the assessment of, and even correction for, possible bias and misclassificationRead MoreGenes And Their Effects On Gene Editing Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesGene editing is one of the most researched fields of molecular biology, as manipulated genes deem possible studying the specific genes and their effects. In the past, there were several attempts to manipulate gene function, including homologous recombination, RNA interference (RNAi), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription-activator like effector nucleases (TALENs). These past approaches are expensive and time-consuming to engineer as opposed to Crispr Cas9, limiting their widespread useRead MoreWhat Is Breast Cancer?937 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer is one of the most common cancers and the second leading cause of cancer-related death among women in the United States. Up to 6% of breast cancers are a dvanced or metastatic at the time of diagnosis, requiring chemotherapy1, 2. Aberrant, accelerated growth is a hallmark of cancer3, including breast cancer. The rapid expansion of treatments targeted to aberrant cell growth – for example, cell cycle targeted chemotherapies for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer – allows for precise

Marvel Comics Case Study Essay Sample free essay sample

Strengths.a. Strong Brand Equity – Marvel Comics has strong name acknowledgment in the United States and in most developed markets every bit good as under-developed markets. B. Strong Financial Position – As a Disney owned belongings. Marvel has a strong fiscal angel for decennaries to come and resources with which to prosecute chances. c. Core Users – Loyal amusing book readers still prefer paper to digital and though growing is little. there is still a 3 % growing projected for the traditional print version of their merchandises. d. Leadership – Editor-In-Chief. Axel Alonso non merely has the experience in the industry but is a amusing book creative person himself. His rise from the ranks places him for both leading and vision to travel the company frontward. Opportunities a. Foreign Markets – While most of the planet is familiar with SpiderMan. the XMen and the Fantastic Four. non everyone on this planet is wired. Monetary value of the printed merchandise may give Marvel a pes into developing states that hunger for more from their favourite super heroes and as English becomes the official linguistic communication of the universe. We will write a custom essay sample on Marvel Comics Case Study Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page no interlingual rendition is required. B. Promotion Point – Marvel needs to put in advancing the print merchandise through its telecasting and cinematic belongingss. Narratives that develop on-line can go on offline in order to passage fans into print. c. Placement – No better manner to capture new fans like go throughing out amusing books with film tickets or at showings. This introduces immature fans to the traditional merchandise they may neer even knew existed. Another arrangement chance is niche children’s shops: books. plaything. day cares. play countries. ect†¦ Failings a. Distribution Points – Finding amusing books is non easy these yearss. Magazine bases are replaced with confect and sodium carbonate in most look into outs and book shops are closing their doors every twenty-four hours. B. The displacement to digital at Marvel Comics has captured a new audience of fans for the superheroes. but eroded the market for the printed merchandise. Menaces a. Digital Comic Books – the ability to interact with the amusing books online is alone and advanced. capturing the attending of fans. both new and old. The explosive growing in recent old ages of Marvel’s online amusing book division has marked a new line in the sand for the traditional printed merchandise. B. Competing Media – Media atomization is rampant and amusement options abound. Kids no longer remain out until the visible radiations go out. nor do they curve up with a book under the screens after bedtime. iPads and iPods have brought the digital universe into the custodies of immature and old transforming traditional media into a deceasing dinosaur. Suggested Target Market: Elementary SchoolsDevelop partnerships with school systems to use Marvel Comics as portion of reading course of study for early and immature readers. Develop age appropriate narrative lines for each series and develop new fans at a immature age. Expand selling and arrangement into day care centres. play countries. fast nutrient repasts. and forte shops. Connect with this section from an early age in order to make a new coevals of readers. Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Core UsersMarvel Comics has strong followers of nucleus print users. Continue to bring forth amusing books that strengthen that relationship and continue to raise merchandise trueness.

Conflict Management

Question: Write an essay on Conflict Management. Answer: Introduction Conflict, in simple words, can be defined as a state of argument or disagreement between individuals or a group of people ("Definition of CONFLICT", 2016). Conflicts between people or groups can have positive as well as negative impacts on an organisation. Conflict management is an approach that can help an organisation in increasing the positive impacts and reducing the negative ones. Objectives The objectives of the assignment is to gain an understanding about inter-group and intra-group conflicts, the ways in which they can be managed and the effects that they can have on an organisation. Discussion Inter-Group and Intra-Group Conflicts Intra-group conflicts are those conflicts that occur within the team members of a single group. Some conflicts are also considered to be positive for the organisation and are known as functional conflicts as they enhance the performance of the groups while the other groups are known as the dysfunctional conflicts which hinder the performance or the working of a group. Inter-group conflicts are those conflicts that occur between two or more groups of people. During inter-group conflicts, the team members come together by overlooking the individual differences that they have amongst them and try to unite their efforts against the other groups. This is considered to be a positive consequence as it unites the members of a group and increases their performance but the problem arises when the members unite and their focus shifts from the actual work to some other aims or objectives ("Intergroup Conflict in the Workplace", 2016). Effect Of Group Conflicts on Organisations As studied above, conflicts can be divided into two types. The first ones are those which have positive impact on the organisation while the second ones are those which can have a negative impact on the organisation. Let us now study the functional and dysfunctional impacts of inter-group and intra-group conflicts on the working of an organisation: Inter-group and intra-group conflicts can have the following consequences on an organisation: Positive Impacts: Increased awareness about the problems of the organisation Increased self-awareness Facilitates exchange of information and knowledge Helps in improving the decision making process Fosters an environment for innovation and creativity Helps in motivating and boosting the morale of the employees Helps in reducing tensions Helps in enhancing psychological maturity Negative Impacts: Increases the stress levels and burnouts in the employees It can have an adverse effect on the performance of the organisation It can have negative impact on the employee morale and create job dissatisfaction amongst them Reduced employees loyalty towards the organisation It results in wastage of resources and time Increases distrust in the organisation Increases negative stereotyping Hinders the communication process ("Conflict", 2016) Conflict Management The process of eliminating the negative aspects and increasing the positive effects of a conflict is known as conflict management. There are a number of ways in which a conflict can be managed. Some important conflict management strategies are accommodation, avoiding, collaborating, compromising, competing, etc. Collaborating is one of the best ways to manage inter-group and intra-group conflicts. The basic idea behind collaborating is to manage conflicts by integrating ideas given by multiple people or groups. Collaborating aims at finding out innovative and creative solutions that are generally accepted by the parties that are experiencing a conflict with each other. It creates a win-win situation for all the people or groups involved in a conflict as they can collectively come to a conclusion to their problems ("5 Conflict Management Strategies", n.d.). Collaboration approach of conflict management requires a serious commitment from the member groups or the concerned individuals so that they can look for a mutually acceptable solution. It also might require some additional efforts if the members feel that a win-win situation cannot be created in a particular case or scenario. Another thing that has to be kept in mind is that if the parties start to lose their trust in the opponent, the relationship starts to fall back to its original situation and the conflicts can rise up again. Let us now discuss some advantages and disadvantages of collaborating conflict management strategy: Advantages: Collaboration can help in solving the actual problem The best advantage of collaboration is that it contains a win-win situation for all the parties It helps in establishing mutual trust between the parties experiencing a conflict It helps in establishing a solid foundation for conflict management in the future It develops a shared responsibility for the outcomes The conflict resolution team can earn the reputation of a good negotiator while an organisation can also hire professional conflict managers The whole conflict management process is simple and stress free for the participants as they are sure about a win-win situation in any case Disadvantages: The biggest disadvantage of collaborative conflict management strategy is that it is very time consuming as compared to other strategies of conflict management. It can take a lot of time for the parties to come to a mutually acceptable condition. Thus, it cannot be used for trivial disputes. Another disadvantage of collaborative approach is that it can benefit a particular group or individual if they have personal links with the people involved in the negotiation. Conclusion Inter-group and intra-group conflicts can have both positive and negative impact on the working for a business organisation. Using conflict management strategies, such as collaborative approach, we can efficiently minimise the negative impacts and increase the positive impacts of inter-group and intra-group conflicts. References 5 Conflict Management Strategies. Smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved 7 July 2016, Conflict. (2016). Users.dickinson.edu. Retrieved 7 July 2016, Conflict Management Techniques. Personalityexplorer.com. Definition of CONFLICT. (2016). Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 7 July 2016, Difference Between Inter- Intra-Group Conflict. Smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved 7 July 2016, Intergroup Conflict in the Workplace. (2016). Mediate.com. Retrieved 7 July 2016.

The Lottery A Setting Analysis Essays - Fiction, Literature

The Lottery: A Setting Analysis Shirley Jackson takes great care in creating a setting for the story, The Lottery. She gives the reader a sense of comfort and stability from the very beginning. It begins, clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green. The setting throughout The Lottery creates a sense of peacefulness and tranquility, while portraying a typical town on a normal summer day. With the very first words, Jackson begins to establish the environment for her plot. To begin, she tells the reader that the story takes place on an early summer morning. This helps in providing a focus of the typicality of this small town, a normal rural community. She also mentions that school has just recently let out for summer break, which of course allows the children to run around at that time of day. Furthermore, she describes the grass as richly green and the flowers were blooming profusely. These descriptions of the surroundings give the reader a serene feeling about the town. The location of the square, between the post office and the bank, proves the smallness of this town, since everything centralizes at or near the town square and it acts as the primary location for the remaining part of the story, playing a significant role at the end setting of the story. Up to this point, nothing unordinary has happened, which might later reflect an ironic ending. Eventually, small hints about the unusualness of this town are added. The author points out significant buildings that surround the town square, but fails to describe a church or a courthouse, which are common buildings to all communities. In this, there seems to be no central governing body for this town, such as a court or a police station. Also, oddly enough, these people celebrate Halloween but not Christmas, Easter or Thanksgiving, the largest holidays that normal people celebrate. However, Halloween implicates a certain proneness to defiant, evil activities. In addition, the children are building a great pile of stones in one corner of the square. An impression of the children as normal children gathering rocks is counterbalanced by their ironical construction a massive pile of stones in one corner, as if they were punished through labor. The introduction of the black box acts as the major turning point for the setting. It symbolizes an immoral act to the villagers as the villagers kept their distance from it. The introduction of the black box into the setting changes the mood and the atmosphere of the residents as they become uneasy around it. Furthermore, the black box changes the mood from serene and peaceful to ominous, where the moment of illumination reaches climax at the very end of the story. Through her use of subtle details in the setting, Shirley Jackson foreshadows the wicked emotional ending, which lacks official authorities, by the incoherent mentioning of stones. Indeed, the story starts to feel more and more uncomfortable, and the commonplace attitude of the townspeople remains even during the stoning of Mrs. Hutchinson. They are all unaffected by the outcome except for, obviously, the victim of their collaborate murder. Near the end, one of the women casually tells the victim to be a good sport as the y slaughter her with stones. In spite of the peaceful mood created by the town setting, everyone commits a brutal act by stoning an innocent person. Throughout The Lottery, the setting plays a significant role in portraying irony in the plot. However, Shirley Jackson does not end her story with a resolution to the plot, but she illustrates the irony she sees in the world through a creative ironical setting. Indeed, the setting expresses The Lotterys theme of a hidden reality beneath the surface of everyday lives. English Essays

The Effects of Teasing and Name Calling on Children

The Effects of Teasing and Name Calling on Children Introduction The subject of teasing and name-calling of children has in the recent years received a lot of attention with researchers focusing on the impacts of these actions on the child. This attention has risen from the recognition of the negative outcomes that are associated with childhood teasing and name-calling.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on The Effects of Teasing and Name Calling on Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These forms of abuse are especially damaging since the child is emotionally vulnerable and therefore prone to traumatisation for life. Storch et al (2004) explain that experiences during childhood years play a major role in the development of a person and they contribute to the future psychosocial well being of the individual. While peer teasing and name-calling is damaging to the child, its impact is increased significantly when the parent or caregiver of the child perpetrates it. This is because these adult figures have responsibility for the child and they are supposed to offer protection and support. This paper will seek to highlight the long-term damages caused to children when they are subjected to name-calling, teasing, belittling, and other forms of verbal aggression by their parents or caregivers. Teasing and Name Calling Teasing is a typical experience throughout the development years of a person and it can play an important role during development. It is a common practice in many households and everyone takes part in it as some point in life. Teasing is a normative behaviour in all relationships and its multifaceted nature makes it very hard to analyze. Keltner et al (1998) underscore this multiplicity of teasing through their observation that teasing is paradoxical criticizes yet compliments, attacks yet makes people closer, humiliates yet expresses affection (p.1231). This observation is corroborated by Langevin (2000) who reveals that teasing is ubiq uitous; having both positive and negative outcomes. It can have positive outcomes when it is done in sport or mischief and in a playful and fun manner. However, incessant teasing aimed at humiliating a person can have negative effects on their growth and development. Teasing and name-calling by Parents and caregivers is especially detrimental since they have an intimate knowledge of the target of the verbal assault. Storch, et al (2004) observe that being teased about personality has broader consequences later in life than being teased about things like how you look or performance in school. Parents and caregivers are more likely to tease children on their personality in a bid to help socialize them. These teases have lasting effects on the child who is still in his formative years.Advertising Looking for thesis on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Why Parents and Caregivers Tease As has been noted, teasing is regarded as normal behaviour in the society. Most parents and caregivers assume that teasing is healthy for the child. This is because teasing functions as a way of indirectly teaching social norms and values to the child. For example, by teasing a child about sucking on their thumb, an understanding by the child that this behaviour is not acceptable can be promoted. Kowalski (2003) observes that teasing assists in the promotion of social conformity by highlighting behaviour that is perceived as inappropriate within a group. Even so, pervasive teasing and verbal aggression against children has multiple negative implications on their future well-being. Impacts of Childhood Verbal Aggression While most parents and caregivers who engage in teasing and name-calling do not have any malicious intent, their actions have far-reaching consequences on the life of the child. Research indicates that in addition to the immediate impacts of verbal aggression on the child, there are long-term effects that continue to be felt long after the actual teasing and name-calling has stopped. This long term impacts of childhood teasing and name-calling are addressed below. Normalizing Verbal abuse Children are highly impressionable and they ape the behaviour of the adults around them. Because of this, name-calling and teasing has an effect of normalizing bad behaviour by a child in their relationships with family members and other people in the society. Teasing by parents and caregivers sends the message that this is acceptable behaviour. The behaviour can therefore be expected to continue between siblings and even outside the home environment. Victims of childhood verbal abuse are also more likely to continue the same behaviour with their children. Gallagher (1999) observes that parents are likely to use the same parenting techniques used on them by their parents on their children. Their capability as parents will therefore be diminished because of their childhood experience. Th e normalizing effect of childhood verbal aggression also decreases the chances of the individual forming meaningful relationships as an adult. Weinhold and Barry (2008) explain that because of the repressive system that the child grew up in, they become judgmental people who disapprove of others. The victim of parental teasing and name-calling is likely to develop the same biases that their parents have. This will alienate the childhood teasing victim from other people who will regard them as mean and hurtful. Depression While everybody experiences stress in the cause of their lives, victims of childhood verbal aggression are more predisposed to suffer from higher rates of stress and possible depression. McCabe et al (2003) highlights that there is a relationship between memories of childhood teasing and later psychopathology with teasing experiences being related to increased levels of depression in adulthood. The relationship arises since being teased by an adult causes a child to develop a feeling of helplessness.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on The Effects of Teasing and Name Calling on Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Childhood teasing makes the child feel vulnerable since they are placed in a difficult situation. By putting the child on the spot, the parent or caregiver makes them experience discomfort. The child is in many instances unable to respond or react favourably to the tease that increases the feeling of vulnerability. This feeling is perpetuated into adulthood where the individual will develop a belief that they have little control over what goes on in their life. McCabe et al (2003) observe that this is the thinking pattern that predisposes a person to depression since they feel helpless regarding the situations they are going through. Depression might also be triggered by social exclusion that the child faces. McCabe et al (2003) notes that children who are teased r eceive lower peer ratings of social acceptance and higher peer ratings of social rejection (p.191). Lack of social support increases the likelihood of stress developing into depression. Low self-esteem Verbal and emotional abuse is harmful for the psychological development of the child. A child who grows up with verbal abuse is constantly rejected by his parents who express disapproval of the childs behaviour. This has an impact on the child’s self-esteem which is a central factor affecting their psychological functioning. Salmivalli (1999) defines a healthy self-esteem as one that is manifested in overall acceptance of oneself as a person and in feeling of worthiness and self-confidence (p. 1270). Teasing includes some attributes of the individual and these attributes contribute to the overall feeling that the child has concerning their entire self. Weinhold and Barry (2008) observe that rejection and disapproval leads children to develop a negative self-image, low self-este em, and self-hatred. Verbal abuse conveys the message that the child is worthless, flawed, unloved, and unwanted. As a result, the victimized children generally disapprove of themselves just as their parents and caregivers disapproved of them. Teasing results in lower perception of self-worth by the individual. In most cases, severe teasing is aimed at deriding a person and humiliating them. Most victims of childhood teasing and name-calling attribute these behaviour to their own personal traits or behaviour. Instead of seeing the adult as being responsible for the abuse, the child blames himself or herself for this happening to them.Advertising Looking for thesis on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This results in poor mental functioning since a feeling of inadequacy is developed from an early age. The child will therefore grow up feeling unworthy because of these verbal abuses. Name-calling results in a cognitive change in the victim. The victim begins to believe that the abuses they receive are a true reflection of who they are. For example, if the victim is being called a big baby or idiot, he starts thinking that this must be true, for otherwise the adult would not have said it. Gallagher (1999) states that this results in a gradual but pervasive erosion of self-esteem in the individual as the verbal abuse continues. Anxiety Childhood teasing predisposes a person to anxiety problems in adulthood. Victims of teasing and name-calling experience more anxiety and insecurity compared to their peers who are not subjected to this forms of abuse. Patients at an anxiety disorder clinic were asked to fill a self-report questionnaire on their teasing history and 85% of them responded that they had experienced severe teasing as children (Roth et al. 2002). Perceptions of severe teasing in childhood particularly increase the risk of anxiety in social situations. This is especially the case if the individual experienced pervasive teasing that was meant to demean and degrade him/her in social contexts. Parents sometimes tease their children when they behave in a way that is humiliating or embarrassing. This results in social phobia by the person where they live in fear of being negatively evaluated by the community. Some form of teasing is aimed at an individual’s social behaviour and it results in the person being teased when they act in a certain way. This negative evaluation leads to development of social anxiety. Roth et al (2002) theorize that children who are subjected to verbal abuse learn to view the world as a dangerous place from an early age. They therefore feel the need to always be on alert and this creates an anxiety problem. This anxiety arise s since the social situation is viewed as a dangerous situation that might cause failure and subsequent embarrassment for the childhood teasing victim. Teasing causes the child to develop a negative image of their social self. This negative observer-perspective image is informed by the parent or caregiver’s reaction to the childs behaviour. The child will have doubts concerning their social competencies and will develop a false image of their social self. Hackmann et al. (2000) warns that this flawed social-self image will be activated in future anxiety-provoking situations that will lead to a spike in the anxiety level of the individual. McCabe et al (2003) explains this phenomenon by noting that severe teasing causes the person to associate certain social situations with a particular negative memory. This increases the anxiety of the person in the particular situation. The person will therefore find it hard to deal normally in such situations due to the memories of teasing. Attachment difficulties The ability of the individual to form and sustain meaningful relationships is also hampered by childhood verbal abuse. The ability of an individual to form a secure identity directly influences their ability to form healthy relationships in future. Teasing results in feelings of insecurity and low self-esteem by the child. Research by Storch et al (2004) documents those individuals who were subjected to frequent childhood teasing experienced higher levels of loneliness later in life. One of the reasons for this is that intense teasing causes a person to live in fear of negative evaluation. All healthy relationships require a person to open up to others and expose their strengths and fears. Teasing causes the victim to be less friendly and exhibit poor social skills. Kowalski (2003) observes that victims of frequent teasing are guarded and apprehensive about new relationships. This hesitation when entering social relationships is the result of the suspicion w ith which the victim of teasing has about other peoples intentions. Even when the victim of childhood teasing enters into a relationship, it is doomed to be strained since they remain guarded and are unable to express themselves properly. The individual is likely to avoid social interactions where they might form new relationships. Kowalski (2003) explains this by revealing that most episodes of teasing and name-calling take place in a social context. Childhood teasing increases the discomfort faced by the individual during social interactions and they might seek to reduce the teasing by becoming loners. The victim of intense childhood taunting is also likely to engage in an abuse adult relationship. They may actively seek for condemnation and punishment from other people since they feel that they deserve it. Since verbal abuse was a constant part of their childhood, they will also assume that it is expected in a normal relationship. Keltner et al (1998) warns that victims of childh ood abuse will be more willing to put up with abusive relationships than those who had normal childhoods. Development The childhood phase is very important in the psychological development of the individual. It is during this period that the child is developing beliefs about himself/herself and the world. Personal identity is developed in the context of social relations and the influential theorist, Harry Stack Sullivan, underscores the significance of interpersonal relationships in the formation of the self-identity. Teasing and name calling results in serious psychological consequences for the child facing the verbal abuse. This is because the childs sense of self, which is developing, is informed by his/her relationship with peers as well as parents and caregivers. Gallagher (1999) states that a positive relationship with adults and peers has a positive impact on the cognitive, social, and language growth of the child. Teasing and name-calling have a high likelihood of impeding t he psychosocial-emotional development of the child. Verbal aggression has a negative impact on the psychosocial growth of the child. This negative effect can be elaborated by looking at stage 4 of Ericksons psychosocial development. In this stage, children face the conflict of industry versus inferiority. They focus on mastering important cognitive and social skills and are intent on evaluating their competencies as they engage in social comparison (Sigelman Rider 2008). In this stage, it is important for the children to be encouraged by adults to acquire a sense of industry. The acquisition of a sense of industry rather than one of inferiority will occur if their comparisons are favourable. Verbal abuse encourages inferiority since it makes the child to feel inadequate and inferior. The abuse also highlights what the child cannot do instead of what they can do therefore decreasing their sense of competence. Instead of focusing on the abilities of the child, teasing and name-callin g brings to focus deficiency that a child has. Tony Humphreys is another child development scholar who articulates the importance of positive response to a childs development. He contends that children regard the manner in which their parents treat them as a mirror of what they are (Humphreys 2005). If the parent reacts to them with teases and verbal abuse, the childs self-esteem will be damaged and they will develop inner conflict. For the child to develop in the best possible way, it is necessary for the child to express love and affection to their young children. If this is done, the child will respond positively and feel secure therefore developing self-confidence. Eating Disorders Teasing might also result in eating disorders and body image issues by the victim in later years. This happens when the teasing suffered was primarily focused on the physical appearance of the victim. Research indicates that teasing about body size or shape will cause the child to develop a negative i mage concerning their physical attributes. This negative self-image will be imbedded in the childs mind as the teasing continues. Kowalski (2003) advances that the victim will attempt to alter their appearances in order to wade off teasing. This altering might engage unhealthy eating which causes eating disorders. A study by Eisenberg, and Neumark (2003) demonstrated that weight-based teasing by family members is a risk factor for negative body image as well as disordered eating. This is true since individuals who are teased about their body suffer from lower body satisfaction compared with those not teased. Teasing about body weight leads to an unhealthy expectation of body shape and weight by the victim even through adulthood. Eisenberg and Neumark (2003) highlight that many individuals who are teased about their weight engage in unhealthy weight control practices. These unhealthy practices are complemented by poor eating habits in an effort to obtain the ideal body shape and weig ht. Alcohol and Substance Abuse Teasing and name-calling are hurtful experiences and children will look for ways to cope with these abuses. The coping mechanisms employed by a child during the teasing and name-calling episodes may lead to the development of additional symptoms or avoidance strategies in adulthood. Studies indicate that there is a relationship between childhood verbal abuse and chemical dependency. Teasing and name-calling result in emotional abuse to the child. This is because these forms of verbal abuse are characterized by criticism, ridicule, belittling, and faultfinding. The child is made to feel that he/she is not lovable or worthy. From these, a child will end up feeling less than perfect and they might react by looking for escapes. Victims of childhood verbal abuse from parents or caregivers may seek comfort or escape through alcohol. This risk of chemical dependency is heightened by the fact that parents who engage in verbal abuse are have limited engagement with their children and offer little emotional encouragement. Teasing and name-calling is often accompanied by low parental support and a sense of disconnection between the parent or guardian and the child. This lack of concern may cause the child to take up bad habits. McVittie and Best (2009) note that young adults who experienced low parental support were likely to drink and smoke. Life satisfaction Teasing increases the risk of dissatisfaction with life by the victim in future. Life satisfaction is influenced by a number of factors including; self-perception and the quality of relationships that an individual has. As it has been noted in this paper, childhood teasing predisposes a person to having attachment difficulties. He/she finds it hard to form and/or maintain meaningful social relationships with others. In addition to this, teasing will lead to the formation of a negative self-perception and development of low self-esteem. All these issues will negatively influence the l ife satisfaction of the person. Roth (2002) asserts that a history of teasing and name-calling by parents and caregivers will increase the chances of a person having low life satisfaction in adulthood. In addition to this, teasing a child increases the likelihood of him/her being a victimized in future. Storch, et al. (2004) explains that visible outward reactions such as distress, sadness, and shyness mark out an individual as a target for teasing. Chronic teasing in the childhood years will therefore lead to the development of an anxious and shy personality that will predispose the individual to further teasing during adulthood. Criminal Activity Some forms of verbal aggression can result in future deviant behaviour by the victim. This is especially the case when the child is ostracized for misbehaviour by being labelled a rogue. Plummer (2000) confirms that by labelling the child a crook because misbehaviour, the child may start viewing himself as actually being one. He is at ris k of developing a deviant self-identity since the parent or caregiver has labelled him as such. Plummer (2000) suggests that labelling compelled an individual to become the very thing he/she is perceived to be. This faulty self-identity is reinforced since when the child engages in bad conduct, the name-calling occurs. The victims of child teasing are likely to rebel and since they view themselves as â€Å"bad†, they end up playing out this role. Codependency Teasing conveys the message that someone is only of value if they meet someone else’s needs. This predisposes the child to develop co-dependency in future. Bradshaw (2005) states that childhood verbal aggression can lead to codependency where the child will place their needs below those of others. Since the child grows up believing that they are only valuable if they please other people, they develop a lack of self-belief and seek approval from others. In addition to this, teasing and name-calling make the child f eel that they are inferior to others and not worthy of attention. Due to the victimization in childhood, the individual has great risk of becoming dependent on outside sources to validate themselves. Codependency prevents a person from creating a healthy self-identity. The authentic self is ruptured and this leads to a development of a false self. How can we break this cycle? This study on the impact of verbal aggression on children had demonstrated that this behaviour has many negative repercussions on the child. It is therefore necessary for action to be taken to mitigate the occurrence of this counterproductive behaviour. Introduction of laws to protect children from verbal aggression and educating parents on the best way to bring up their children are two possible ways of mitigating this problem. Child Protection Laws Ireland prides itself with having a robust framework of laws that seek to provide services to children and to produce child protection policies for the specific ne eds that children may have. These laws are aimed at assisting children to develop into adults under a safe environment and therefore become productive members of the society. Since childhood teasing and name-calling has been recognized as a detrimental practice in the life of the individual, efforts should be made to comprehensively address the issue at the local and state level through policy development. In recognition of the danger that childhood verbal aggression has on the individual, the Irish government should come up with laws that protect children from this form of abuse. Child welfare workers should be taught on how to prevent and respond to verbal aggression against children and if necessary being the case to the attention of the statutory authorities. Child protection legislation in Ireland should be implemented to determine appropriate responses to verbal aggression. At the least, such legislation would serve as deterrence to parents and care givers who would be liable to civil or criminal charges if they are found guilty of engaging in the practice. Even so, care should be taken to ensure that parents are not prevented from exercising control over their children by the imposition of stringent laws. Informing Parents The nature and quality of the parent-child relationship can either reduce or exacerbate the chances that a child will abuse alcohol, suffer from depression, become depressed, or become delinquent (McVittie Best 2009). It is important that parents adopt the kind of parenting that promotes development and protects the children from future adverse impacts. The most effective parenting styles are already known and the difficulty remains in helping parents to adopt them. McVittie and Best (2009) best articulates this dilemma by stating that the challenges ahead involve findings ways to educate adults with regard to how they can adopt the best parenting style for their children. Research indicates that childhood experiences have a huge imp act on the emotional development of the child with teasing having a negative impact on their psychological functioning (Storch et al.2004; McCabe et al 2003; Hackmann et al. 2000). Besag (1999) states that name calling is one of the most distressing behaviour that children have to deal with and its damaging effects are often underestimated by the adults. This wrong estimate of the effects of teasing and name-calling makes the parents and caregivers engage in this damaging habit without knowing that they are causing lasting emotional damage on the child. Parenting lessons will help the adult to recognize the potential harm that may result from teasing. Many individuals find the idea of parental education as absurd. This is because of the underlying assumption by majority of the people that good parenting skills are inherent in all parents. It is therefore assumed that all parents will intuitively know the best way to raise their babies. This is not the case and research indicates tha t good parenting skills do not come naturally in everyone. An important consideration in parenting classes is that they recognize that each parent has autonomy over their children. The classes do not impose any values that are contrary to the parent’s own. Instead, a parent is introduced to effective styles of raising their children. Parental classes will highlight the damage that verbal abuse has on the emotional and psychological wellbeing of the child. The prevalence of childhood teasing by parents and caregivers is attributed to the ignorance of the effect of this behaviour by the parents. Research indicates that many adults underestimate the stress and anguish that children have to deal with because of teasing (Besag 1999). By being made aware of the far-reaching consequences that teasing and name-calling has on the future of their children, it is highly unlikely that the parent will engage in this damaging behaviour. Another positive outcome is that the parent and careg iver will be keen to ensure that teasing is not allowed even among the children. The effectiveness of parental classes is high especially if the adult is willing to complete the program. Research shows that parenting classes can have a positive impact on the way in which parents and caregivers interact with children. McVittie Best (2009) report that parents who completed parenting classes on how to become more authoritative reported changes in their behaviour towards this end. Good parenting will result in children who are more academically competent and psychosocially healthy. These children will group up to be productive members of the community who enjoy satisfaction in their lives. While it would be ideal if all parents were involved in good parenting classes, implementing this would be impossible. Any attempts to force parents into such classes would be futile. If these were to happen, parents would either boycott such efforts or attend the classes out of obligation. This woul d diminish any value that the parents would gain from the classes. Discussion The past decade has witnessed an unprecedented growth in awareness in the subject of childhood teasing and its impacts on the future wellbeing of the individual. So far, researchers have not addressed the issue of teasing, name-calling and other forms of verbal aggression in the context of child protection or abuse since these behaviours are seen as typical in the development years of an individual. However, this paper has explicitly highlighted the negative impact that these practices have on the person. While reactions to childhood teasing and name-calling vary from child to child, research indicates that these experiences are damaging to the future wellbeing of the individual. Studies overwhelmingly supports the idea that teasing causes adverse mental health affects years after the actual teasing has stopped. There are treatments and supportive services available to help victims of childhood verbal abus e cope with and overcome their conditions. While such services can help overcome the negative self-image developed due to abuse, it would be better to prevent the abuse from taking place in the first place. Proactive measures will avoid the need to address dysfunctional cognitions developed because of teasing and name-calling in ones childhood years. The paper has also highlighted the common misconception that all parents are naturally equipped with the skills and knowledge to properly raise their children. While some parenting skills are inherent in the individual parent, others are learnt. From the discussions presented in this paper, it is evident that not all parents make use of the best model techniques when bringing up their children. Such parents can therefore benefit greatly from engaging in parenting classes. Conclusion Teasing has both immediate and long-term consequences on the child and this study has focused on the long-term damages caused to children when they are teas ed or called names by their parents or caregivers. The paper also endeavoured to propose ways through which this detrimental practice can be mitigated or eliminated from our society. It began by noting that teasing and name-calling are common practice in many households. The paper then demonstrated how teasing and name-calling can result in long lasting emotional repercussions on the child. A link has been established between childhood experiences of name-calling and codependent behaviours, low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety in adulthood. Considering the link between childhood teasing and psychosocial disorders in adulthood, this paper has proposed the enactment of laws that protect children from these forms of abuse from their parents and caregivers. The paper has also proposed voluntary educational experience by the parents to help them acquire the best parenting skills. By undertaking these proactive measures, verbal aggression against children can be overcome and the futur e well-being of children guaranteed. References Besag, V 1999, Bullying: A practical guide to coping for schools, Longman Group UK Ltd, Essex. Bradshaw, J 2005, Healing the Shame That Binds You, HCI, Boston. 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